Chemical Bonds (Reactions)

 Hello, I’m back. Today is really tired because I have so many works to finish... But even I am tired; I am still going to post my works.

 Today, I am going to post about Chemical Bonds

 Chemical reactions happen around us all the time. This happens when plants photosynthesis to change energy from sun in to food, while cooking foods, and burning fuels.

 Chemical reaction is a process when one or more substances are changed in to other substances.

 photosynthesis

   I will review what atom is first. (It's the first post I published). Atom is made up of nucleus and electrons. Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. As it sounds like, protons have positive charge and neutrons have no charge. Around the nucleus, there are different numbers of shells depending on the elements. These shells are the track for the electrons. There 2 electrons on the first shell, and 8 electrons from next. Electrons orbit the nucleus really fast. So the people call the form of orbiting cloud since it looks like a cloud.

atom

We call the electrons on the outer shell Valence electrons. Valence electrons are electrons that can be shared with the other atoms. These valence electrons can be 1, 8 or between those numbers.

valence shell

If the atom holds full shell on the outer shell, we call it is “stable”. When the outer shell is not full, which means there are no 8 electrons on the outer shell, we call it “unstable”.

When there are unstable atoms, atoms try to gain, loose or share.

Ionic bond is when metallic positive ion and non-metallic ion bonds by electrostatic attraction. Electrostatic attraction is a force that draws two elements together. For example, there is NaCl. This is compound of sodium and chlorine. Sodium has 11 electrons, and chlorine has 17 electrons. This tells that sodium has 1 electron at the outer shell, and chlorine has 7 at the outer shell. Try to be stable, these elements will lose, gain or share the electrons, but since they are ionic bond, they will lose and gain the electrons. Sodium will give 1 electron and be + charged. Then, chlorine will gain one electron that sodium gave. So, chlorine will have 8 electrons at the outer shell which is stable. 

ionic bond

 Covalent bond is a combination of non-metal elements sharing electrons. Different with ionic bonds, covalent bonds can have simple substance and compounds. For example, H2 is a covalent bond. Each of the hydrogen share 1 electron. By adding 1 more electron, it makes outer shell full, which has 2 electrons. The other example of covalent bond compound is water, H2O. H2O Is combination of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen. Oxygen has 6 electrons on the outer shell, and hydrogen has 1 electron at the outer shell. To be stable, oxygen needs 2 more electrons, but Hydrogen can only share 1 electron because hydrogen only have 1 electron at the outer shell. So to make 2 electrons, oxygen combines with 2 hydrogen which can add 2 more electrons, By sharing 1 electrons each with oxygen and hydrogen, it makes 2 hydrogen and an oxygen have full shells. 

H2O

Done! Did you learned A LOT? I hope you did, So...I will post next topic by next week! Come and read it again please! Bye~

Periodic table

Hi people! I'm back! I always start with word hello or hi. Haha
I’m going to explain about periodic table today.
What is periodic table?
Periodic table is a list of all the chemical elements that occur is the universe. 







If you see the periodic table, you might see 118 squares(well, there are 110 on this...), which means that there are 118 of elements discovered.you see each of the square,right? There will be alphabet, and numbers in the square.

 For example of Oxygen, there is O at the middle of the square and 8 on the top and 16 15.99 on the bottom. O means the oxygen. The letter on the middle is the abbreviation of the element. For Hydrogen and Helium, the element on the front gets the first letter H and the last element gets the first letter and second letter H and E, and then put it together to make HE. The number on the top of the square which is 8, is the atomic number of that element. Atomic number is number of protons, and this is also number of electron of that oxygen, because with no exception, electrons have same number of protons have.  So Oxygen has 8 protons and electrons. The number on the bottom is the mass number. This tells how heavy the oxygen is. The mass of the atom is the mass of nucleus(protons + neutrons). So oxygen has 8 protons and 8 nucleus, and the mass of those are about 15.99.


Dmitri Mendeleev is a Russian guy who created periodic table.He also predicted some of elements that wasn't discovered yet, and he made empty spot for undiscovered elements.
  He arranged the periodic table as period and groups. Group is the vertical line of the periodic table and there are 18 groups. Period is a horizontal line of the periodic table. There are 7 periods. Period is arranged by the number of electrons. At a single atom, there are electrons that has 2 on the first electron shell, 8 on the next one and going on by 8 electrons. 2,8,8,8,8... is the most stable way to bond it self together. So the by the number of electron shell changes, periods change.





Periodic table is made up of metal and non-metal. Metal is located on left and middle of periodic table and non-metal is on the right of the periodic table. two-third of the periodic table is metal and rest of em is non-metal.
Inside that, there are
  Alkali metals like sodium. Alkali metal can react with water to produce alkaline solutions. (1 group except Hydrogen)
 Alkaline-earth metals is like calcium. It also produce alkaline solutions when it combined with water and are found all over the place on earth.(2 group)
Transition metals like iron. They are strong and shiny. (3~12 groups)
Poor metals like led. They are soft with low melting points.
Semi metals like silicon conduct electricity only under certain conditions and are useful in electronics.
Nonmetals have a variety of properties. It include the carbon, nitrogen,and oxygen vital to life on Earth.
Nobel gases like helium and neon. It have outer electron shells that are full, and so they don't often react with other elements.

Yeah! I'm done! Are you happy with it? I hope you do! Next week. I will come up with other science topic!!Thank you for reading this and I hope this solved your questions! Bye~

Mixture and Compounds

Hello, people. I'm back again! Today I am going to talk about Mixtures and compounds. There are a lot of people getting confused with mixture and compounds, and I am going to solve the question for that.

hello

Classification of substance

 We have to learn about the classification if you want to know what Mixture and Compound is.

     ★We can classify substance as Pure Substance and Mixture

       Is it made up of one substance?              

       YES; Pure Substance

       NO; Mixture

• We can classify Pure Substance as Simple Substance and Compound

        Is it made up of a single element?

        YES; Simple Substance

        NO; Compound 

• We can classify Mixture as Homogeneous Mixture and Non-Uniformed Mixture(Heterogeneous)

        Is it distributed evenly?

        YES; Homogeneous Mixture

        NO; Non-Uniformed Mixture (Heterogeneous)

Substance -Pure Substance    -Single Substance                            -Compounds -Mixture                -Homogeneous Mixture                            -Non-Uniformed Mixture (Heterogeneous)

Okay  I hope you understood! Now I will tell you about Mixture and Compounds little more specifically. 

Mixture

The thing that you must remember is that mixture is a substance that is mixed with two or more pure substances.

For example, there are air, vinegar,soda, underground water, sea water, salt water, alloy(solder, 14K gold, 18K gold),etc.

-Can be separated by physical means

-Each substances in a mixture keeps its own properties.

Homogeneous Mixture is mixture that has ingredient substances mixed evenly.

 For example, there are air, vinegar, soda, underground water, seawater,and alloy etc.

 -It has even composition ratio in a mixture.

ex) Air= nitrogen(78%)+oxygen(21%)+argon(0.93%)+carbon dioxide(0.03%) etc.

      Soda = water+sugar+carbon dioxide etc.

      soda

Non-Uniformed Mixture (heterogeneous) is mixture that has ingredient substances mixed unevenly.

 For example, there are milk, rock, muddy water,concrete, fruit juice etc.

-It has different composition ration even if it is in a mixture.

ex) Muddy water=water+dirt

milk

Compounds

Pure Substance is a substance that is made up of one type of substance, not the other types.

ex)oxygen, hydrogen, water, salt, pure gold(24K gold), carbon dioxide etc.

Pure substance is divided in two categories Compound and Single Substance.

-Can't be divided in physical mean

-It has even mass ratio of component matter

-Have same melting point, boiling point and density.

Compound is totally different thing even it looks similar with mixture.

Compound is Pure Substances that is made up of two or more elements.

For example of compound, there are water(distilled), ethanol, salt, iron sulfide,carbon dioxide, ammonia, dry-ice etc.

ex) Water=formed with the combination of oxygen and hydrogen.

water

Single Substance is a substance that is formed with one type of element.

For example, there are oxygen, hydrogen, copper, pure gold, aluminum, iron, graphite, diamond (graphite and diamond is both made up of carbon) etc.

-Each substances keep it's own intrinsic properties. 

-Cannot be divided anymore to other substances.

Done! I am glad you read until the end. or did you just scrolled down? Now did you learned many things about mixture, compound and many other things? I hope you did.I will come back maybe next week again.

Atoms

Hello everybody, this is.. a junior scientist(I call my self a scientist because science is subject I like the most!)
Today I am going to tell you about atom and molecule. Many people might think different about atom and molecule because they seem hard. Well, that is what I felt about when I first started to learn. To me, things I can't see wheather they are so small or so huge, I had a hard time with those to learn including atoms and molecules. But guess what? It is not even hard for now.
What I am going to tell you is History of atom, structure of atom, about periodic table, and  molecule.

History of Atom

People I am going to talk about is pretty famous by having opinion of the sources of the world. Democritus is the first person mentioned about atom. These people is in chronological order.

Thales(B.C 640~546):

Water is the source of all things

Anaximandros(B.C 585~525):

Air is the source of all things

Empedocles(B.C 490~430):

Water, fire, breath, soil

Democritus(B.C 460~370):

Atom is source of everything

John Dalton:

 In 1800's John Dalton refined the idea with his theory that atoms are the smallest particle of an element that retain its chemical properties. For example, if you break apart and atom of an element like , its not carbon anymore. If you want to study atoms, you must remember Dalton!

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Boyle(1700's):

everything is made up of elements that can't be divided anymore

Lavousier(end of 1800's):

defined atom as substance that cannot be divided any more, and presented 33 types of elements

*Structure of Atom

Ø  Nucleus      Protons: (+)electrical charge                                        Neutrons        Ø            Electrons: (-)electrical charge

Rule of Octet= regulation of electrons’ regulation

 Atoms are made up of tinier subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.The atom's center, nucleus is a cluster of protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons have no electrical charge.

The atoms nucleus is held together by the strong force, which keeps protons from repelling each other. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons moving  near the speed of light (3.0×108m/s)

The electrons have a negative electrical charge that attracts them to the protons and they live in shells representing different energy level.

On the Periodic table, atoms are arranged by their atomic number, which is really their number of protons or electrons. 

Periodic Table

Molecule

Atoms can bond together to make a molecule. Molecule can be formed by having same types of atoms like, O₂or H₂. Molecules can also be formed by having different types of atoms like H2O .
Concept of molecule exist at the form of gas or sloppy liquid, but it is hard to appoint clearly in the form of solid.