Issac Newton

Hello, I am going to talk about Isaac Newton. Have you ever heard about him? If you haven't it will appear a lot in the future. Actually, you will learn about him during school. So, who is he? He is a gifted person in my opinion. He worked in science and math. Actually, he was great in science and math. He had made calculus, you know..
Isaac Newton

 However, he has a sad story in his past. He was born in 1643, 1/4 at Woolsthorpe in England. He was born so small that nobody had expected him to stay alive. Newton's dad died three months before he was born, and I know it is sad because he couldn't see his son being called "The Father of Physics." Well, after Newton was born, mom had married the old guy, and Newton was sent to his grandmother. It is quite sad.. Actually, he almost become a farmer, but his uncle had convinced Isaac Newton's mother to let him go to Cambridge University.
 If I tell you about Newton's discovery through his life, even though he had a hard time in the past, he had worked in many things.
cambidge university
The first thing is that he had made CALCULUS. Calculus is the part of math learning in upper level. It is used to get the area of the irregular shapes like oval or something like that.
The second thing he discovered is about the light. In the past, people had never thought that the white light is compound of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, navy, and violet. (In the future, optics and motions are discovered)  Also, he discovered that the light is made up of the particles.
The third thing he discovered and defined is the laws of gravity.
The fourth thing is that he defines  planetary motion.
The fifth thing is that he defines three laws of motion. This describes that how all the universe act. This also explain how the gravitational force works. You know, Earth pulling the moon, and everything in the universe..
The last is an invention. He invented a better telescope, a reflecting telescope. This telescope was using concave mirrors instead of lenses. This helped to look the object without loosing the original object's color.
prism
 You know what? He had been other things other than a person sitting and defining things. He was a professor of mathmatics, Member of the Royal Society (He was president each year until his death), he was also knighted by the Queen Anne for his contribution, which led him to award a knighthood for scientific achievement. The most shocking thing is that he was really religious. You know, it is extremely rare to see a great scientist to be a deeply religious person because those spirits are hard to relate with science, but Isaac Newton was different, he was religious.
 Oh! Did I tell you that he attended Cambridge University but had to go back to Woolsthorpe where he was born, and than had to come back to University 2 years later? There were bubonic plague through London, killing huge number of people. That made Cambridge school to close, and made him go back. Actually, returning to his house was a good thing. The year he was working at home is called "Miracle Year" now. He had figured out laws of motion, forces and gravity/ discovery of light and optics/inventing a new branch of math Calculus. These things happened this time between 1655-1667. Surprising right?
westminster abbey
 Newton died in 1727. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and he was the first scientist to be awarded this high.
 So have you learn many things here? I hope you did, but if you think you need to learn more about it, click here!

Heat

Hello, I am back! Today I will talk about HEAT!!
HEAT? What is that? Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another when two objects are brought into contact depends on the difference in temperature between the objects.
You know what? You cannot survive without heat. Actually, none of the creatures can. Plants need heat to photosynthesis, animals need plants to survive, and us people need animal and plants to survive. Not only because we don't have food, we will die to freeze. There is a movie called "Tomorrow". The movie shows the people die from cold, I mean extremely cold. I recommend this movie!
 There are three ways of heat to be transferred. It is convection, condensation and radiation.
AC/HEATER
First, convection is the transfer of the thermal energy by the movement of atoms or molecules from one part of material to another. It is when the air or water become heated and rise up, the cold air or water falls back down where the heated air or water started from. If the cold air or water heats up again, it rises up and make the cycle. In real life, you can see convection when your mom boils the liquid to make food, or heating vent in the room can occur it. Did you ever wonder why air conditioner is high up near the ceiling and heating vent is at the bottom? It is because convection happens. If the air conditioner is at the bottom where heating vent is, the cold air won't rise up and try to stay on the bottom, and cycle won't work. Same reason as air conditioner, if heating vent is up in the room, where air conditioner is, hot air will try to stay up in the room. Oh, you know that convection occurs only with liquids or gas. What about solid? When the heat transfer occurs with solid, it is called conduction.
 Marshmallow conduction
Conduction is transfer of thermal energy by direct contact. Not like convection, conduction occurs when the object is attached to the other object. For example, if you have a marshmallow and want to eat with the fire melting marshmallow, you have to stick the marshmallow on the stick and put directly in the fire. But!! if you feel that the stick is hot, you are holding a metal stick. The heat from the fire continuously heats up the the stick and the heat stretches out until where your hand is. So the heat from the fire touching the metal stick is called conduction. You might have not experienced burning your hand by melting marshmallow, and why is that? To be honest, market never sell metal stick for marshmallow so you don't  burn yourself. I don't really know what substance it is, but there are some that conduction doesn't happens easily. The substance is plastic, feather, and fur. They are poor conductors of heat, and the reason is because of the molecules' formation. Metals have uniformed closed molecules but the other substances I mentioned are having strip like arrangement. So the distance the heat can transfer is so far, and that is why.
 RADIATION
The last, radiation is transfer of thermal energy without any object. The best example is the sun. Sun can heat up the house, but isn't it curious how it works without air or any object between? Radiation is the only way that it can transfer heat without any help. Not only the sun, but people also can have radiation to others since people also have heat inside, but it is just weak because the object that makes a heat which is us, doesn't have strong heat inside. 
 Do you know how the blanket keeps you warm? I am pretty sure you will wrap around the blanket to make yourself warm. Okay, so blanket doesn't make up heat. They only slow down the movement of the heat or they just prevents the heat. And that is how it works. Pretty simple right?
 POP QUESTION! What will have more heat inside, the metal stick in the fire or glacier? Answer is at the bottom!





GLACIER






The answer is glacier! You are surprised aren't you? The stick in the fire is much smaller that glacier, which means they hold different amount of heat inside. Since glacier has more molecules, it is hotter, but it just doesn't show it is hot because it is so big. Stick shows out it is hot because it is small. 
 Done! Interesting isn't it?? I hope you enjoyed.

Sleeping Brains Take a Bath (Current Event)

 Hi! I’m back. I haven’t post anything for while. Sorry!
Today, I am going to talk about interesting article. I went on the website called student science. I actually had posted once before, but if you want to visit, go on to the website Science Current Event. Press it!

The topic I chose is called, “Sleeping Brains Take a Bath.”

It is about what it exactly says on the title. Sleeping brain take a bath. Chiara Cirelli is a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She had an experiment with a mouse named Lulu. She had taken care of the mouse to have a good condition to sleep and good condition to have activities. Her effort was successful. Mouse had slept when she had made a good condition to sleep even it was the afternoon. She found out when mouse was asleep, the fluid floodgate had got opened, and when the fluid went through the brain cells, it washed away cellular litter. The garbage thing they are talking about is made up in the brain cell while animal is awake. When an animal is asleep, the fluid flows well. But when the animal is not in a deep sleep, the faucet like floodgate swells and lessen the fluid. The junk builds up in the brain while animal is awake. This junk is not good. This is related to Alzheimer disease. So it is not good.
 I think this article wants to tell you that sleeping helps not only your tiring but also it helps your brains functions well. 
 This is the end of the post today. It is kind of short but it has good contents! Thank you, Ill be back next week!

Energy (Mechanical)

Hello people,,,

Today I am going to talk about Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.

First, what is energy? Energy is the ability to cause change.

So, what is kinetic energy and potential energy? You will be surprised if you learn what it is, because it is so near to you.

To make it clear, I will tell you the definition first. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. If object isn’t moving, there is no kinetic energy, and Potential energy is the energy stored in an object because of its position.

pic

It is hard to understand with these definitions, right? Okay. I will give you the examples. Let’s say there is a person on the bungee jumping. If a person is at the highest place, which is the place you jump, it means a person has most potential energy. When a person falls, the person will gradually get a kinetic energy. When a person reaches the bottom, the ground, it means a person has the most kinetic energy. When a person weights more, a person has more potential energy. If I say it easier, potential energy depends on its mass and height
bungee jumping

Different with potential energy, kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. When the person weighs more, and when speed is faster, person has more kinetic energy than lighter person.

 

Energy can be transferred and stored. Energy gets transferred when objects collide. I will make an example with bowling. When the bowling ball gains energy by a person who throws the ball, and when it rolls, it has kinetic energy. When the ball collides with the bowling pins, pins are gaining the energy. Since the pins don’t have wheels, it knocks out. Additionally, energy can never be destroy or created. It just looks like they do, but they are only changing the forms of the energy like potential and kinetic.

I got definitions by the textbook physics!

I hope you understood!

Matter Changing

 Im back! It's been long time to post.. Sorry! Today I am going to talk about the states of matter. It is not hard, and it will not confuse you. So follow me!!
What is matter? Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
There are three main states of matter. It is solid, liquid, and gas. There are couple more like plasma and colloid. Plasma is energy, that only occurs in super high temperature. Most of the structures in the universe is made of plasma, but there are really few in earth. Lightning is plasma, and stars are all plasma. Colloid is things like jelly, paint and rubber. You don't need to think about these, but three states solid, liquid and gas.

neon

pic

Solid
Solid is matter with definite shape and volume. The common example of solid is ice, frozen water. If you put the ice in a beaker, you won't see ice changing it's shape. An ice will retain their shape even you put in container.
If you put an ice at the room, it will melt. Melting is what we call when solid changes to liquid, like an ice changing in to water. Do you know why melting happens? It is because of temperature of the room. Water tend to stay at state of liquid when the temperature is between boiling point (100°C) and freezing point(0°C), also called melting point(0°C). 
Heat of fusion is also heat energy that helps to break the state of solid.
Additionaly, heat of vaporation is energy that adds to liquid to change to gas.

Liquid
Liquid is also the state you would see easily around you. It has definite volume, but not definite shape. If you pour the water in different shape of containers, the shape of water changes as the shape of container. Water is only formed when the water (H2O) is between the temperature of 0 and 100 degrees of Celsius. Liquid vibrates just like the other states, but not more than gas does.

Gas
Gas is when the state gained the most energy. The gas tend to move farther and farther. In the state of gas, water molecules move around randomly, free! But one thing you really have to remember is that when the state of water changes, that doesn't mean the chemical properties changes, but it is only physical change. Chemicals retain as water molecule (H2O) doesn't matter what state the water is. 

Water

Sublimation is when solid matter changes to gas without the step of liquid. OR it can work opposite. The example is dry ice. Dry ice can change to gas right away. 
Condensation is when gas changes to liquid. For example, when there is a cup of water, and if you put in your room, the surface of the water bottle will have drops of water sticking on the side. The water on the side of the cup is happened because of the gas around the cup.
Deposition is when gas changes to solid opposing sublimation. When the when the vapor on the air changes to frost, that is deposition. You can see this in the morning at cold area.

condensation

It is not true if you think all the matter has the same boiling point and melting point. Water is just one good example. Dry ice is the state of solid of carbon dioxide. In the case of dry ice, this changes to gas(sublimation) in the temperature of 25°C, not 0°C. So you need to remember that not all the matter has the same boiling point and melting points.

DONE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!SEE YOU NEXT WEEK!

Ancient flower blooms again

Hello people, today I brought different type of topic than before.Sorry I didn't posted for a while.
Today, I am going to talk about current event related to science. I found an article that I am interested in Student Science. My science teacher told me about the website, and it is really good that I want to recommend this website.


 The topic I chose is "Ancient flower blooms again". This is about a particular flower that once grew in ancient time. Scientist had found the fruit underground in Siberia. Fruit had been frozen about for 30,000 years. Using piece of fruit, scientist grew the plants in the lab.
The plant grew was really similar as modern-day related flower. Silene stenophylla was the plant's name. The ancient flower and modern flower was little different. Ancient flowers are more narrow and had less fringed shape.
So it proved that plant tissues can be preserved and be shown again. Scientists are trying to preserve modern plants in the giant locker. Now, scientists are trying to save modern-plants' seed for the future.

Done! In the website, you can see many new interesting things, so If you want to see the original website, go to
https://student.societyforscience.org/article/ancient-flower-blooms-again?mode=topic&context=79

Chemical Bonds (Reactions)

 Hello, I’m back. Today is really tired because I have so many works to finish... But even I am tired; I am still going to post my works.

 Today, I am going to post about Chemical Bonds

 Chemical reactions happen around us all the time. This happens when plants photosynthesis to change energy from sun in to food, while cooking foods, and burning fuels.

 Chemical reaction is a process when one or more substances are changed in to other substances.

 photosynthesis

   I will review what atom is first. (It's the first post I published). Atom is made up of nucleus and electrons. Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. As it sounds like, protons have positive charge and neutrons have no charge. Around the nucleus, there are different numbers of shells depending on the elements. These shells are the track for the electrons. There 2 electrons on the first shell, and 8 electrons from next. Electrons orbit the nucleus really fast. So the people call the form of orbiting cloud since it looks like a cloud.

atom

We call the electrons on the outer shell Valence electrons. Valence electrons are electrons that can be shared with the other atoms. These valence electrons can be 1, 8 or between those numbers.

valence shell

If the atom holds full shell on the outer shell, we call it is “stable”. When the outer shell is not full, which means there are no 8 electrons on the outer shell, we call it “unstable”.

When there are unstable atoms, atoms try to gain, loose or share.

Ionic bond is when metallic positive ion and non-metallic ion bonds by electrostatic attraction. Electrostatic attraction is a force that draws two elements together. For example, there is NaCl. This is compound of sodium and chlorine. Sodium has 11 electrons, and chlorine has 17 electrons. This tells that sodium has 1 electron at the outer shell, and chlorine has 7 at the outer shell. Try to be stable, these elements will lose, gain or share the electrons, but since they are ionic bond, they will lose and gain the electrons. Sodium will give 1 electron and be + charged. Then, chlorine will gain one electron that sodium gave. So, chlorine will have 8 electrons at the outer shell which is stable. 

ionic bond

 Covalent bond is a combination of non-metal elements sharing electrons. Different with ionic bonds, covalent bonds can have simple substance and compounds. For example, H2 is a covalent bond. Each of the hydrogen share 1 electron. By adding 1 more electron, it makes outer shell full, which has 2 electrons. The other example of covalent bond compound is water, H2O. H2O Is combination of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen. Oxygen has 6 electrons on the outer shell, and hydrogen has 1 electron at the outer shell. To be stable, oxygen needs 2 more electrons, but Hydrogen can only share 1 electron because hydrogen only have 1 electron at the outer shell. So to make 2 electrons, oxygen combines with 2 hydrogen which can add 2 more electrons, By sharing 1 electrons each with oxygen and hydrogen, it makes 2 hydrogen and an oxygen have full shells. 

H2O

Done! Did you learned A LOT? I hope you did, So...I will post next topic by next week! Come and read it again please! Bye~

Periodic table

Hi people! I'm back! I always start with word hello or hi. Haha
I’m going to explain about periodic table today.
What is periodic table?
Periodic table is a list of all the chemical elements that occur is the universe. 







If you see the periodic table, you might see 118 squares(well, there are 110 on this...), which means that there are 118 of elements discovered.you see each of the square,right? There will be alphabet, and numbers in the square.

 For example of Oxygen, there is O at the middle of the square and 8 on the top and 16 15.99 on the bottom. O means the oxygen. The letter on the middle is the abbreviation of the element. For Hydrogen and Helium, the element on the front gets the first letter H and the last element gets the first letter and second letter H and E, and then put it together to make HE. The number on the top of the square which is 8, is the atomic number of that element. Atomic number is number of protons, and this is also number of electron of that oxygen, because with no exception, electrons have same number of protons have.  So Oxygen has 8 protons and electrons. The number on the bottom is the mass number. This tells how heavy the oxygen is. The mass of the atom is the mass of nucleus(protons + neutrons). So oxygen has 8 protons and 8 nucleus, and the mass of those are about 15.99.


Dmitri Mendeleev is a Russian guy who created periodic table.He also predicted some of elements that wasn't discovered yet, and he made empty spot for undiscovered elements.
  He arranged the periodic table as period and groups. Group is the vertical line of the periodic table and there are 18 groups. Period is a horizontal line of the periodic table. There are 7 periods. Period is arranged by the number of electrons. At a single atom, there are electrons that has 2 on the first electron shell, 8 on the next one and going on by 8 electrons. 2,8,8,8,8... is the most stable way to bond it self together. So the by the number of electron shell changes, periods change.





Periodic table is made up of metal and non-metal. Metal is located on left and middle of periodic table and non-metal is on the right of the periodic table. two-third of the periodic table is metal and rest of em is non-metal.
Inside that, there are
  Alkali metals like sodium. Alkali metal can react with water to produce alkaline solutions. (1 group except Hydrogen)
 Alkaline-earth metals is like calcium. It also produce alkaline solutions when it combined with water and are found all over the place on earth.(2 group)
Transition metals like iron. They are strong and shiny. (3~12 groups)
Poor metals like led. They are soft with low melting points.
Semi metals like silicon conduct electricity only under certain conditions and are useful in electronics.
Nonmetals have a variety of properties. It include the carbon, nitrogen,and oxygen vital to life on Earth.
Nobel gases like helium and neon. It have outer electron shells that are full, and so they don't often react with other elements.

Yeah! I'm done! Are you happy with it? I hope you do! Next week. I will come up with other science topic!!Thank you for reading this and I hope this solved your questions! Bye~

Mixture and Compounds

Hello, people. I'm back again! Today I am going to talk about Mixtures and compounds. There are a lot of people getting confused with mixture and compounds, and I am going to solve the question for that.

hello

Classification of substance

 We have to learn about the classification if you want to know what Mixture and Compound is.

     ★We can classify substance as Pure Substance and Mixture

       Is it made up of one substance?              

       YES; Pure Substance

       NO; Mixture

• We can classify Pure Substance as Simple Substance and Compound

        Is it made up of a single element?

        YES; Simple Substance

        NO; Compound 

• We can classify Mixture as Homogeneous Mixture and Non-Uniformed Mixture(Heterogeneous)

        Is it distributed evenly?

        YES; Homogeneous Mixture

        NO; Non-Uniformed Mixture (Heterogeneous)

Substance -Pure Substance    -Single Substance                            -Compounds -Mixture                -Homogeneous Mixture                            -Non-Uniformed Mixture (Heterogeneous)

Okay  I hope you understood! Now I will tell you about Mixture and Compounds little more specifically. 

Mixture

The thing that you must remember is that mixture is a substance that is mixed with two or more pure substances.

For example, there are air, vinegar,soda, underground water, sea water, salt water, alloy(solder, 14K gold, 18K gold),etc.

-Can be separated by physical means

-Each substances in a mixture keeps its own properties.

Homogeneous Mixture is mixture that has ingredient substances mixed evenly.

 For example, there are air, vinegar, soda, underground water, seawater,and alloy etc.

 -It has even composition ratio in a mixture.

ex) Air= nitrogen(78%)+oxygen(21%)+argon(0.93%)+carbon dioxide(0.03%) etc.

      Soda = water+sugar+carbon dioxide etc.

      soda

Non-Uniformed Mixture (heterogeneous) is mixture that has ingredient substances mixed unevenly.

 For example, there are milk, rock, muddy water,concrete, fruit juice etc.

-It has different composition ration even if it is in a mixture.

ex) Muddy water=water+dirt

milk

Compounds

Pure Substance is a substance that is made up of one type of substance, not the other types.

ex)oxygen, hydrogen, water, salt, pure gold(24K gold), carbon dioxide etc.

Pure substance is divided in two categories Compound and Single Substance.

-Can't be divided in physical mean

-It has even mass ratio of component matter

-Have same melting point, boiling point and density.

Compound is totally different thing even it looks similar with mixture.

Compound is Pure Substances that is made up of two or more elements.

For example of compound, there are water(distilled), ethanol, salt, iron sulfide,carbon dioxide, ammonia, dry-ice etc.

ex) Water=formed with the combination of oxygen and hydrogen.

water

Single Substance is a substance that is formed with one type of element.

For example, there are oxygen, hydrogen, copper, pure gold, aluminum, iron, graphite, diamond (graphite and diamond is both made up of carbon) etc.

-Each substances keep it's own intrinsic properties. 

-Cannot be divided anymore to other substances.

Done! I am glad you read until the end. or did you just scrolled down? Now did you learned many things about mixture, compound and many other things? I hope you did.I will come back maybe next week again.

Atoms

Hello everybody, this is.. a junior scientist(I call my self a scientist because science is subject I like the most!)
Today I am going to tell you about atom and molecule. Many people might think different about atom and molecule because they seem hard. Well, that is what I felt about when I first started to learn. To me, things I can't see wheather they are so small or so huge, I had a hard time with those to learn including atoms and molecules. But guess what? It is not even hard for now.
What I am going to tell you is History of atom, structure of atom, about periodic table, and  molecule.

History of Atom

People I am going to talk about is pretty famous by having opinion of the sources of the world. Democritus is the first person mentioned about atom. These people is in chronological order.

Thales(B.C 640~546):

Water is the source of all things

Anaximandros(B.C 585~525):

Air is the source of all things

Empedocles(B.C 490~430):

Water, fire, breath, soil

Democritus(B.C 460~370):

Atom is source of everything

John Dalton:

 In 1800's John Dalton refined the idea with his theory that atoms are the smallest particle of an element that retain its chemical properties. For example, if you break apart and atom of an element like , its not carbon anymore. If you want to study atoms, you must remember Dalton!

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Boyle(1700's):

everything is made up of elements that can't be divided anymore

Lavousier(end of 1800's):

defined atom as substance that cannot be divided any more, and presented 33 types of elements

*Structure of Atom

Ø  Nucleus      Protons: (+)electrical charge                                        Neutrons        Ø            Electrons: (-)electrical charge

Rule of Octet= regulation of electrons’ regulation

 Atoms are made up of tinier subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.The atom's center, nucleus is a cluster of protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons have no electrical charge.

The atoms nucleus is held together by the strong force, which keeps protons from repelling each other. The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons moving  near the speed of light (3.0×108m/s)

The electrons have a negative electrical charge that attracts them to the protons and they live in shells representing different energy level.

On the Periodic table, atoms are arranged by their atomic number, which is really their number of protons or electrons. 

Periodic Table

Molecule

Atoms can bond together to make a molecule. Molecule can be formed by having same types of atoms like, O₂or H₂. Molecules can also be formed by having different types of atoms like H2O .
Concept of molecule exist at the form of gas or sloppy liquid, but it is hard to appoint clearly in the form of solid.